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Sudan is a nation in Northeast Africa. Its official name is the Republic of Sudan. It is bordered to the southwest by the Central African Republic, to the west by Chad, to the north by Egypt, to the northeast by Eritrea, to the southeast by Ethiopia, to the northwest by Libya, to the south by South Sudan, and to the Red Sea. It has a population of 45.70 million people as of 2022 and an area of 1,886,068 square kilometers (728,215 square miles), making it Africa's third-largest nation by size and the Arab League's third-largest by area. It was the biggest nation by area in Africa and the Arab League until South Sudan's separation in 2011, when Algeria took up both titles. Its capital is Khartoum, and its largest city is Omdurman (part of the metropolitan area of Khartoum).
Sudan's history dates back to the Pharaonic era when it saw the Kingdom of Kerma (c. 2500–1500 BC), the Egyptian New Kingdom's dominion (c. 1500 BC–1070 BC), and the advent of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 785 BC–350 AD), which would govern Egypt for almost a century. Following the collapse of Kush, the Nubians established the three Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria, and Alodia, the latter two of which lasted until roughly 1500. The majority of Sudan was progressively populated by Arab nomads throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The Funj sultanate governed central and eastern Sudan from the 16th to the 19th century, while Darfur ruled the west and the Ottomans the east.
The Slave trade was important throughout the Mamluk and Ottoman eras, and it was requested by Sudanese Kashif as a monthly payment of tribute. Mamluks formed a kingdom at Dunqulah in 1811 as a platform for their slave trafficking. The Slave trade was established along a north-south axis in Sudan after the 1820s, with slave raids taking place in southern portions of the nation and slaves being carried to Egypt and the Ottoman empire.
Egypt's Muhammad Ali dynasty controlled all of Sudan beginning in the early nineteenth century. Sudan's existing boundaries were established under the Egyptian administration, and the process of political, agricultural, and economic growth started. Nationalist feelings in Egypt sparked the Orabi Revolt in 1881, "weakening" the Egyptian monarchy and ultimately culminating to the United Kingdom's annexation of Egypt. Simultaneously, religious-nationalist fervor rose in Sudan, culminating in the Mahdist Uprising headed by the self-proclaimed Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad and the formation of the Caliphate of Omdurman. The Mahdist troops were finally destroyed by a combination Egyptian-British military forces, restoring the Egyptian monarch's power. Egyptian sovereignty in Sudan, however, would now be just nominal, since the actual authority in both Egypt and Sudan was now the United Kingdom. Under British coercion, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan as a condominium with the United Kingdom in 1899. Sudan was effectively administered as a British colony. The twentieth century witnessed the rise of Egyptian and Sudanese nationalism aimed at removing the British presence. The Egyptian revolution of 1952 overthrew the monarchy and demanded that British soldiers evacuate from Egypt and Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, one of the revolution's two co-leaders and Egypt's first President, who was half-Sudanese and reared in Sudan, made Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary administration. Under Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt's proposal that both nations discontinue their joint authority over Sudan and give Sudan independence the next year. Sudan was proclaimed an independent state on January 1, 1956.
Following Sudan's independence, the Jaafar Nimeiry administration established Islamist governance. This widened the schism between the Islamic North, which serves as the seat of administration, and the Animists and Christians of the South. Differences in language, religion, and political power erupted into a civil war between government troops supported by the National Islamic Front (NIF) and southern rebels whose most significant unit was the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), resulting in South Sudan's independence in 2011. Between 1989 and 2019, Sudan was ruled by a 30-year-long military dictatorship led by Omar al-Bashir, who was accused of human rights violations such as torture, persecution of minorities, sponsorship of global terrorism, and ethnic genocide as a result of its actions in the Darfur region, which erupted in 2003. The regime's acts murdered between 300,000 and 400,000 individuals. Protests demanding Bashir's resignation erupted in 2018, resulting in a coup on 11 April 2019 and Bashir's incarceration.
Sudan's national religion was Islam, and Islamic laws were in effect from 1983 until 2020 when the country became a secular state. The economy has been described as lower-middle-income, relying primarily on agriculture and, to a lesser extent, on oil production in South Sudan's oil fields. Sudan is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, the African Union, COMESA, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
After one year of work, employees are entitled to 20 days of paid annual leave, which increases to 25 days after eight years of continuous service and 30 days after 15 years of continuous service. If the employer agrees, employees can carry over up to half of their yearly leave to the next year. Employees, on the other hand, are unable to postpone taking all of their yearly leave.
Sudan recognizes 15 public holidays.
Sick leave is compensated for up to nine months for employees. The employee's entire wage is compensated for the first three months of sick leave. After that, employees are only paid in part. The leave is unpaid after nine months.
Female employees are entitled to eight weeks of paid maternity leave, which can be taken four weeks before and four weeks after the birth of the child, or two weeks before and six weeks after the birth of the child.
There is no statutory paternity leave.
Other than the already mentioned terms for maternity leave, Sudan does not have a provision in its law regarding parental leave.
Employers can generally terminate an employment contract by giving the employee notice.
The notice period is typically between a week and a month in length, depending on the employee's length of service and the frequency with which the employee is paid. In a limited number of circumstances, typically involving employee misconduct, no notice is required.
An employee who is appointed shall be appointed for an initial probationary period of at least two years of continuous service without absence.
Severance pay may be available to employees with more than three years of service. Severance pay is calculated based on the employee's length of service and begins at one month's pay for each year worked.
Sudan's official working hours are 48 hours per week, or eight hours per day for six days.
Overtime is limited to four hours per day and twelve hours per week. The workday is shortened by one hour during Ramadan.
The current minimum wage in Sudan is 20000 Sudanese pounds ($55) per month.
There are two kinds of health insurance in Sudan: Social Health Insurance (SHI) and Private Health Insurance (PHI) (PHI). Employers in the formal sector are required to contribute to the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), while employers in the informal sector and small businesses with 10 or fewer workers are not required to do so. There is also the option of purchasing private health insurance.
Mandatory benefits postulated by law include a probationary period, pay on annual leaves, public holidays, sick leaves, maternity leave, paternity leave, and overtime pay. Statutory benefits also include social security benefits.
There is currently no information on taxation in Sudan.
There is currently no information on taxation in Sudan.
There is currently no information on taxation in Sudan.
Travelers visiting Sudan must get a Sudan visa in accordance with Sudan visa regulations. The Sudan visa policy stipulates that you must have a Sudan visa in order to enter, reside in, or exit the country.
If a tourist wishes to apply for a Sudan visa, certain information must be submitted in order for the visa to be completed. As a result, a visa application will be considered complete and will be reviewed and approved by officials if the following information is provided: the country from which the passport was applied for and issued, the length of time the traveler intends to stay in Sudan, and the reason for the traveler's visit.
The Sudan government introduced the Sudan visa, which is available to non-visa-exempt citizens from all around the globe. The implementation of this visa has made it simpler for tourists to explore Sudan for both tourism and commercial reasons, and a traveler in possession of a Sudan visa may remain in Sudan for up to 90 days per entry.
Travelers can easily apply for a visa online and receive it quickly. Once issued, the Sudan visa made required by the Sudan visa policy must be shown to immigration authorities when a passenger arrives at the port of entry into Sudan.
Sudan has negotiated agreements with over 150 nations that exclude these countries from visa requirements. Any traveler possessing a passport from one of the exempt nations is allowed to travel without the need to apply for a visa and have it granted before departure.
Sudan joined the Schengen Agreement for visa-free travel with 25 other European nations, which share the same Schengen Area visa policy, which permits tourists to visit all Schengen Area countries with only single visa. Holders of a Schengen visa are permitted to travel to 27 countries, including Sudan.
There is presently just one visa available for visitors to Sudan as part of the Sudan Visa policy for tourist reasons. Those who do not have a passport that qualifies for visa exemption under Sudan's visa policy must acquire authorization from the Sudan government before arriving at any port of entry and attempting to cross the border into the nation.
Employment contracts in Sudan that last more than three months must be in writing. Contracts should contain the following clauses:
The employer's and employee's names
The location of the employer
Date of commencement
Contract duration (if for a fixed-term)
Tasks that must be accomplished
Vacation and various types of leave are available.
Salary information
Probation time (if applicable)
Notice period and other contract termination requirements
There is no set length for assignments. This is usually indicated in the employment contract for fixed-term employments.
Sudanese Pound